Making of Models with Paper Folding Technique – JSS1 Cultural & Creative Arts Lesson Note (Second Term)

Paper folding is the art of transforming flat sheets of paper into three-dimensional forms without cutting or gluing. This technique relies on precise folds, creases, and mathematical principles to create both simple and complex designs. The most well-known paper folding art is origami from Japan, but many cultures have their own paper folding traditions.

Behavioural objectives

By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

• define paper folding and state the basic rules of the technique;
• describe the valley fold and the mountain fold;
• name some basic bases and traditional models used in paper folding;
• list the kinds of paper used for folding;
• state the educational and therapeutic benefits of paper folding.

What is the history of paper folding?

The history of paper folding began in China during the 1st or 2nd century, shortly after paper was invented. The art form spread to Japan through Buddhist monks in the 6th century, where it evolved into origami, a distinct art form with deep cultural significance.

European paper folding traditions emerged independently, while Korea developed Jongi-jeopgi, and Islamic cultures created geometric paper folding patterns. Throughout history, paper folding has served religious and ceremonial purposes. The paper crane has become a universal symbol of peace, and the tradition of folding 1,000 cranes represents hope and healing.

What are the basic principles of paper folding?

Understanding the basic principles of paper folding is essential for success in this art form. Traditional paper folding follows these fundamental rules:

• start with square or rectangular paper;
• avoid cutting;
• use no glue or tape;
• maintain precision in every fold.

The art form is deeply rooted in mathematical concepts including geometry, angles, symmetry, proportion, and spatial relationships. These principles make paper folding an excellent educational tool for teaching mathematical concepts in a hands-on, visual manner.

What are the basic fold types?

The foundation of paper folding lies in mastering basic fold types.

• Valley fold: the paper folds toward you, creating a valley-like crease. It is the most fundamental fold.
• Mountain fold: the opposite of the valley fold. The paper folds away from you, creating a ridge-like crease.
• Inside reverse fold: a fold is tucked inside, changing the direction of a point.
• Outside reverse fold: the fold wraps around the outside.
• Petal fold: opens like flower petals and involves multiple layers.
• Squash fold: flattens a raised point by opening and pressing it flat.

What are the basic bases?

Most origami models begin with one of several basic bases.

• Square base (preliminary base): a starting point for many models, with four triangular flaps.
• Bird base: derived from the square base, it creates four points and forms the foundation for the classic crane.
• Waterbomb base: creates a triangular form that can be inflated.
• Fish base: provides a diamond-shaped starting point with two long points.
• Kite base: creates a diamond with two flaps and offers asymmetrical possibilities.

Which papers are used for paper folding?

Paper selection matters for successful paper folding.

• Kami: traditional origami paper, a lightweight square paper coloured on one side and white on the other.
• Tant paper: offers texture.
• Foil paper: provides a metallic finish that holds creases well.
• Washi: traditional Japanese handmade paper that offers strength and beauty.
• Tissue paper: allows for translucent effects.
• Duo paper: has different colours on each side and creates striking two-toned models.

The weight of paper is measured in grams per square metre (gsm), with different weights suitable for different projects.

How do cultural variations affect paper folding?

Cultural variations in paper folding reflect different aesthetic philosophies and purposes.

• Japan: origami emphasises nature themes, ceremonial importance, and precision, with traditional models carefully preserved through generations.
• China: paper folding often includes cutting (Jianzhi) and focuses on decorative applications for festivals, with dragon and lantern forms being particularly significant.
• Europe: traditions tend to focus on mathematical aspects and educational applications, including the art of napkin folding and modern paper sculpture.

How do you fold paper step by step?

The process of paper folding requires careful preparation and execution.

Preparation

1. Choose appropriate paper.
2. Work on a clean, flat surface with clean hands.
3. Read the instructions carefully.
4. Practise basic folds before attempting complex models.

Folding

1. Start with the correct paper orientation.
2. Align edges precisely.
3. Crease firmly using your fingernail or a bone folder.
4. Follow the sequence exactly.
5. Do not hesitate to unfold and check accuracy before refolding as needed.

What are some traditional paper folding models?

Traditional models carry cultural significance and teach fundamental techniques.

• Paper crane (orizuru): symbolises peace and requires intermediate skill, using the bird base.
• Paper boat: a simple traditional model that actually floats, and an excellent beginner project.
• Paper hat: serves a functional purpose and can be made from newspaper in various sizes.
• Jumping frog: demonstrates action origami principles with its spring mechanism.
• Paper aeroplane: combines aerodynamic principles with folding techniques.

What is modern paper folding?

Modern paper folding has evolved beyond traditional models to include complex figurative models, abstract sculptures, mathematical models, and architectural forms. Computational origami uses computer-aided design and mathematical algorithms, finding applications in engineering, space technology, and even medical fields. Artists create large-scale installations and sculptures that push the boundaries of what can be achieved through folding alone.

What are the educational benefits of paper folding?

Paper folding develops fine motor skills, spatial reasoning, and the ability to follow sequential instructions. The practice enhances problem-solving abilities while teaching patience and focus.

In school, paper folding fits well with:

• mathematics lessons, for demonstrating geometric concepts;
• science demonstrations, for explaining principles like symmetry;
• art projects, for creative expression;
• cultural studies, for understanding different traditions.

What are the therapeutic benefits of paper folding?

As a mindfulness practice, paper folding reduces stress and improves concentration. The sense of achievement from completing a model boosts self-esteem, while the creative process provides emotional expression. Physically, paper folding improves hand-eye coordination, develops dexterity and fine motor control, and engages multiple senses simultaneously.

What are the common challenges in paper folding?

Common challenges include imprecise folds, paper tears, and difficulty understanding complex instructions. Solutions include working slowly and methodically, using appropriate paper weight, handling the paper gently, and breaking complex models into manageable steps.

Origami symbols and diagrams

Understanding origami symbols and diagrams is important for following instructions. Standard symbols include different line types for valley and mountain folds, arrows indicating direction, and special symbols for actions like turning over or rotating the model.

Why does paper folding remain useful today?

Paper folding continues to evolve as both an art form and an educational tool. Contemporary artists create increasingly complex designs, while teachers value it for developing multiple intelligences. It needs only paper and patience, so it suits all ages and abilities.

Evaluation

1. Define paper folding.
2. State the basic rules of traditional paper folding.
3. Explain the difference between a valley fold and a mountain fold.
4. Name three kinds of paper used for paper folding.
5. Mention three educational benefits of paper folding.

Assignment

1. Choose one traditional model from the lesson (the paper crane, paper boat or paper hat). Write three sentences on its meaning or use.
2. Draw and label a valley fold and a mountain fold.