Speech Work: Revision of Consonant Sound (t, d, k, g) JSS2 English Studies Lesson Note

Speech Work: Revision of Consonant Sound (t, d, k, g)

/t/ – To produce /t/, the tip of the tongue is in contact with the alveolar ridge and this contact obstructs the flow of air. On immediate release, the air pressure escapes with the usual sound. There is no vibration of the vocal cords since the glottis is wide open.

This consonant is therefore a voiceless alveolar plosive. There are many spelling symbols for /t/ and they are shown below:

“t” as in ten

“tt” as in letter

“th” as in Thames

“ed” as in looked

The “t” is not pronounced in words like “Christmas”, “Castle”, “listen” and “wrestle”.

Pronounce the following words in which /t/ occurs at the initial and final positions;

Initial position                                               Final position

           Ten                                                                    net

            Tip                                                                    pit

            Tub                                                                   but

            Tell                                                                   let

            Tone                                                                 note

/d/ – The production of /d/ involves the tip of the tongue in contact with the alveolar ridge. This contact results in a total obstruction of the airstream which is, however, released immediately with an explosive sound. The vocal cords vibrate as /d/ produced. While /t/ is a voiceless alveolar plosive, /d/ is a voiced alveolar plosive. The only spelling symbols for /d/ are “d” as in “did” and “ed” as in moving. This consonant is almost always pronounced whenever it occurs in a word except in a word like “handsome”.

Pronounce the following words with /d/ at the initial and final position.

            Initial position                               Final position

             Dam                                                         mad

             Don                                                          nod

             Down                                                       wound

             Dog                                                         god

             Dear                                                        lead

/k/ – to produce /k/, the back of the tongue makes contact with the velum. This contact results in a total obstruction of the flow of air. The air pressure that builds up is suddenly released with an explosive sound. The glottis is open so that the vocal cords do not vibrate as /k/ is produced. This consonant which is a voiceless velar plosive, has many spelling symbols as shown below:

“k” as in king

“c” as in coat

“cc” as in account

“ch” as in chemistry

“q” as in liquid

“ck” as in back

The “k” is usually not pronounced before “n” at the beginning of words like “know” and “knock”. Pronounce the following words; paying attention to the initial and final occurrences of /k/

           Initial position                               Final position

             Cop                                                    poke

             Cap                                                    pack

             Calm                                                  mark

             Kill                                                      lick

             Kin                                                      nick

/g/ –  this consonant is the voiced counterpart of /k/. This means that the process of production of /g/ is similar to that of /k/ except that the local cord vibrates as /g/ is produced. /g/ is therefore voiced velar plosive which is spelled “g” and “gh” as in give and ghost respectively. The “g” is not pronounced before “n” at the beginning or end of words such as “gnaw”, “gnash”, “sign” and “reign” and before “m” at the end of words such as “paradigm” and diaphragm”. Pronounce the following word with /g/ at the beginning and end of the words.

            Initial position               Final position

             Good                                dog

             Gel                                   keg

             Gas                                  mug

             Gun                                 mug

             Gut                                  tug

LESSON TWO (2)

GRAMMAR: The present continuous tense

The present continuous tense can be used when we want to tell people that something is happening new, at the very moment of writing and speaking. Example:

1. John is writing a letter
2. Ade is insulting his friend
3. Alade is dancing
4. We are moving to the royal palace

The Present continuous tense is used for events that have been arranged for the future. Examples:

1. Joshua is taking the first leaving certificate examination next week.
2. Paul is leaving this institution
3.  We are coming to the party organised by the president next week.

LESSON THREE (3)

Reading and comprehension:

1. Reading to identify words in various contexts

The purpose of the passage

One very common purpose of a piece of writing is to tell the reader how to do something, i.e. the writer is giving the reader instructions.

Unit 4 – My Home Town

In addition, the purpose of this passage is to describe a place. The writer wants the reader to imagine a town that few of them know. So we can study it to note what kind of language is necessary in writing a description.

An outline or guide to this description.

1.                     Prepare yourself for writing a description
2.                   identify or note the word you have listed to use
3.                  use your dictionary to find words you do not know or cannot remember
4.                 pay specific attention to the correct passive form of necessary verbs.

CLASSWORK

Now read the passage and answer the questions that follow (Pages 33 – 34, unit four)

VOCABULARY BUILDING

TOPIC: A place of worship (Word Associated with place of worship)

1.       Temple
2.       Synagogue
3.       Church
4.       Mosque
5.       Shrine
6.       Mountain
7.       Mecca
8.       Jerusalem and so on.

LESSON FOUR (4)

COMPOSITION: REVIST THE FORMAT OF AN INFORMAL LETTER AND FORMAL LETTER

Introduction: writing is a means of communication. We shall revisit the formal and informal letter in this lesson.

1. A formal letter refers to a business letter or an official letter e.g. for casual leave by staff in offices or an application for a job.

The features of the formal letter

1.       The address: this should be written at the top of a letter in the right-hand corner. Remember to write the name of your state and date. Write the date in full and put a full stop after the abbreviation.

8, Adesanya street

Ile – Epo,

Oke – Ode,

Lagos.

22nd October, 2015

The principal,

Elias International School,

Ile – Epo,

Oke – Odo,

Lagos.

1. The recipient’s address: the recipient’s address should be written on the left-hand side below the writer’s address. The example is written above.

iii. Salutation (greetings)

The name in salutation is followed by a comma. Example, Dear sir, Dear madam, Sir, Dear, Mr. Akpan, Gentlemen, etc.

1. Title – A formal letter should have a title. Example:
2.       A letter of Apology
3.       The causes of Road Accidents
4.       The importance of Agriculture etc
5. Introduction: the introduction should show what the letter is all about
6. The body of the letter: Write in clear and simple English. Mind your tenses. Pay attention to spelling and punctuation. Try to be specific.

vii. Conclusion: The conclusion should draw together the idea and its relationship with the major points

viii. Subscription: Subscription comes at the end of the letter. This is followed by a comma. Remember to write ‘Y’ in capital letters.

Note that: faithfully is written with small letters but not capital. Example

                                                                                                                                            Yours faithfully,

1. Signature and name: put your name below Ayodele Oke the signature.

1. THE INFORMAL LETTER

Informal letter refers to the letters we write to our brothers, friends, parents, sons, daughters, husbands, relations, etc. Informal letters are also known as private letters.

The features of the information letter

1. Writer’s address: This should be written at the top of a letter in the right-hand corner. Remember to write your state and date.

3, Ayodele Cresent,

Ojuelegba,

Surulere,

Lagos.

13th August, 2015.

1. Salutation: (greetings) example My dear, father, dear, mummy, my dear mother, dear Sarah, dear brother, dear Uncle Oliver, my dear sister, my darling, etc.

iii. Introduction: the introduction should show what the letter is all about.

1. The body of the letter: this is one of the most important aspects of a letter. Write clear and simple English – try to avoid “pompous” language. Mind your tenses. Pay attention to spelling and punctuation. Try to develop a paragraph around your main points.
2. Conclusion: the conclusion should draw together the idea and its relationship with the major points.
3. Subscription: this comes at the end of the letter. This is followed by a comma. Remember to write ‘Y’ in capital letters. Note that affectionately, friend, loving, and sincerely are written with small letters but capital letters.

Examples:        Yours sincerely,

                             Yours ever,

                             Yours loving son,

                             Your friend,

                             Yours affectionately,

vii. Name: put your name below the subscripted, an example.

                                                                             Yours sincerely,

                                                                             Ade

LESSON FIVE (5)

LITERATURE – IN – ENGLISH

Use the recommended text on Drama. 

1.                     Theme
2.                   Setting – a mixture of East & Western Region
3. Themes: (i) Selfishness, betrayal, supernatural power, the reward of wickedness