Modelling with Paper Mache – JSS1 Cultural & Creative Arts Lesson Note (First Term)

Papier mache is a method of making objects from paper and paste. The name is a French term meaning “chewed paper”. Paper is torn into strips, laid in whole sheets or made into pulp, then built up in layers or moulded into shape. The object is left to dry, then sanded, painted and sealed.

Behavioural objectives

By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Define papier mache and state where it began.
2. List the basic materials used for papier mache.
3. Describe the strip, pulp and layering methods.
4. Prepare flour paste and glue paste.
5. Follow the steps for making a papier mache object, from preparing the workspace to finishing.
6. State the safety rules and common problems of papier mache work, with their solutions.

What is papier mache?

Papier mache can be defined as:

• Wet paper pounded and mixed with adhesive to form a mouldable material
• A sculpting technique using paper and paste
• A French term meaning “chewed paper”
• A method of creating objects using layers of paper and glue

Origin and history of papier mache

• It began in China during the Han Dynasty (202 BC to 220 AD)
• It spread along the Silk Road to the Middle East and Europe
• It was popular in Europe from 1725 as an alternative to carved wood
• It was used for decorative objects and masks
• It is still widely used in festivals and art education

What materials are needed for papier mache?

Paper

• Newspaper (most common)
• Tissue paper
• Paper towels
• Computer paper
• Brown paper bags

Adhesives

• Flour and water paste
• White glue (PVA)
• Wallpaper paste
• Liquid starch
• Homemade paste recipes

Armature and moulds

• Balloons
• Cardboard structures
• Wire frames
• Plastic bottles
• Clay forms

Tools

• Bowls for paste
• Brushes
• Scissors
• Measuring cups
• Protective covering

Finishing materials

• Sandpaper
• Primer paint
• Acrylic paints
• Varnish or sealant
• Decorative items

What are the methods of papier mache?

Strip method

• Tear paper into strips
• Dip strips in paste
• Layer over the armature
• Allow to dry between layers
• Build up 3 to 4 layers minimum
• Best for large projects

Pulp method

• Soak paper until soft
• Blend into pulp
• Mix with paste
• Mould directly into shape
• Good for detailed work
• Creates solid forms

Layering method

• Use whole sheets of paper
• Apply paste with a brush
• Smooth over the form
• Build up layers
• Good for smooth surfaces
• Quick coverage

How is papier mache paste prepared?

Flour paste recipe

Ingredients:

• 1 part flour
• 1 part water
• Pinch of salt (prevents mould)

Instructions:

1. Mix flour and water until smooth
2. Heat while stirring (optional)
3. Add salt
4. Cool before using
5. Store covered in a refrigerator

Glue paste recipe

Ingredients:

• 3 parts white glue
• 1 part water

Instructions:

1. Mix glue and water
2. Stir until well combined
3. Use immediately

This paste provides a stronger bond.

What is the step-by-step process of papier mache?

Prepare the workspace

• Cover surfaces with plastic
• Gather all materials
• Wear old clothes
• Have cleaning supplies ready

Create the armature

• Design the basic shape
• Build a support structure
• Ensure stability
• Plan for removal if needed

Prepare the paper

• Tear into appropriate sizes
• The direction of the tear matters
• Rough edges blend better
• Have plenty ready

Mix the paste

• Follow the recipe proportions
• Aim for a creamy consistency
• Make enough for the session
• Keep covered while working

Apply the first layer

• Dip strips in paste
• Remove excess paste
• Apply smoothly
• Overlap strips
• Cover the entire surface

Add more layers

• Allow drying between layers
• Alternate strip directions
• Build strength gradually
• Apply a minimum of 3 to 4 layers
• Add more for structural pieces

Dry the object

• Air dry naturally
• Use a fan for faster drying
• Avoid direct heat
• Check for soft spots
• Drying may take 24 to 48 hours

Add finishing touches

• Sand rough areas
• Apply a primer coat
• Paint as desired
• Add decorative elements
• Seal with varnish

What types of papier mache projects can be made?

Simple projects

• Masks
• Bowls
• Picture frames
• Decorative eggs
• Small animals

Intermediate projects

• Puppets
• Piñatas
• Sculptures
• Jewellery boxes
• Wall hangings

Advanced projects

• Large sculptures
• Furniture pieces
• Architectural models
• Costume accessories
• Installation art

What are the advantages of papier mache?

1. Inexpensive materials
2. Environmentally friendly
3. Lightweight results
4. Easy to learn
5. Versatile medium
6. Safe for children
7. No special equipment
8. Recyclable materials

What are the common problems in papier mache and their solutions?

What safety rules should be followed?

• Work in a ventilated area
• Protect skin from prolonged paste contact
• Clean up spills immediately
• Dispose of mouldy materials
• Wash hands thoroughly
• Keep paste away from the mouth

How is papier mache used in culture and in Nigerian art?

Cultural applications

• Festival masks and costumes
• Traditional decorations
• Educational models
• Theatre props
• Religious artefacts
• Community art projects

Papier mache in Nigerian art

• Carnival floats
• Cultural masks
• School projects
• Art installations
• Craft markets
• Workshop materials

What tips help students succeed in papier mache?

1. Plan the design beforehand
2. Work in stages
3. Let each layer dry
4. Use quality materials
5. Practise techniques
6. Be patient
7. Experiment with textures
8. Document the process

How are finished papier mache pieces stored and preserved?

• Store finished pieces in a dry area
• Protect from moisture
• Handle with care
• Repair damage promptly
• Display appropriately
• Consider climate conditions

Evaluation

1. Define papier mache.
2. Where and when did papier mache begin?
3. Name three types of paper and three adhesives used for papier mache.
4. State the difference between the strip method and the pulp method.
5. List four safety rules to follow when working with papier mache.

Assignment

1. Write out the flour paste recipe, with its ingredients and instructions.
2. List the steps for making a papier mache object, from preparing the workspace to adding finishing touches.
3. Name three problems that can occur in papier mache work and give one solution for each.