Modelling with Paper Mache – JSS1 Cultural & Creative Arts Lesson Note (First Term)

Papier mache is a method of making objects from paper and paste, built up in layers and left to dry.

Behavioural objectives

1. Define papier mache and state where it began.
2. List the basic materials used for papier mache.
3. Describe the strip, pulp and layering methods.
4. Prepare flour paste and glue paste.
5. Follow the steps for making a papier mache object, from preparing the workspace to finishing.
6. State the safety rules and common problems of papier mache work, with their solutions.

What is papier mache?

Papier mache is a sculpting technique that uses paper and paste to make a hard, lightweight object.

• Meaning of the name: it is a French term meaning “chewed paper”.
• Material: wet paper pounded and mixed with adhesive forms a mouldable material.
• Method: paper is torn into strips, laid in whole sheets or made into pulp.
• Building: the paper is built up in layers or moulded into shape.
• Finishing: the object is left to dry, then sanded, painted and sealed.

Where and when did papier mache begin?

Papier mache began in China during the Han Dynasty (202 BC to 220 AD).

• Spread: it travelled along the Silk Road to the Middle East and Europe.
• Europe: it became popular from the 1700s as an alternative to carved wood.
• Early uses: decorative objects and masks.
• Today: it is still widely used in festivals and art education.

What materials are needed for papier mache?

The materials for papier mache are paper, adhesive, an armature or mould, tools and finishing materials.

Paper

• Newspaper: the most common choice.
• Tissue paper: thin and useful for smooth top layers.
• Paper towels: soft and easy to tear.
• Computer paper: plain sheets that can be torn into strips.
• Brown paper bags: strong paper for extra thickness.

Adhesives

• Flour and water paste: cheap and easy to make at home.
• White glue (PVA): gives a stronger bond.
• Wallpaper paste: ready-made paste mixed with water.
• Liquid starch: a smooth liquid adhesive.
• Homemade paste recipes: other pastes made from kitchen materials.

Armature and moulds

• Balloons: give round shapes such as bowls and heads.
• Cardboard structures: cut and joined into shapes.
• Wire frames: bent into the outline of a figure.
• Plastic bottles: give a ready-made body shape.
• Clay forms: a shaped model to cover with paper.

Tools

• Bowls: hold the paste.
• Brushes: apply paste and paint.
• Scissors: cut cardboard and paper.
• Measuring cups: measure the parts of the paste.
• Protective covering: keeps the work surface clean.

Finishing materials

• Sandpaper: smooths rough areas.
• Primer paint: prepares the surface for colour.
• Acrylic paints: give the final colour.
• Varnish or sealant: protects the painted surface.
• Decorative items: added for detail.

What are the methods of papier mache?

There are three methods of papier mache: the strip method, the pulp method and the layering method.

Strip method

• Definition: paper strips dipped in paste are laid over an armature.
• Steps: tear paper into strips, dip them in paste and layer them over the armature.
• Drying: allow each layer to dry before the next.
• Layers: build up at least 3 to 4 layers.
• Best for: large projects.

Pulp method

• Definition: soft paper pulp mixed with paste is moulded directly into shape.
• Steps: soak paper until soft, blend it into pulp, mix with paste and mould.
• Best for: detailed work.
• Result: solid forms.

Layering method

• Definition: whole sheets of paper are pasted over a form in layers.
• Steps: apply paste with a brush, smooth the sheet over the form and build up layers.
• Best for: smooth surfaces.
• Advantage: quick coverage.

How do the three methods compare?

How is papier mache paste prepared?

Papier mache paste is made from flour and water, or from white glue and water.

Flour paste

• Flour: 1 part.
• Water: 1 part.
• Salt: a pinch, to prevent mould.

1. Mix flour and water until smooth.
2. Heat while stirring (optional).
3. Add the salt.
4. Cool before using.
5. Store covered in a refrigerator.

Glue paste

• White glue: 3 parts.
• Water: 1 part.

1. Mix glue and water.
2. Stir until well combined.
3. Use immediately.

How do the two pastes compare?

What is the step-by-step process of papier mache?

The papier mache process has eight stages, from preparing the workspace to adding finishing touches.

Step 1: Prepare the workspace

• Cover: protect surfaces with plastic.
• Gather: bring all materials together.
• Dress: wear old clothes.
• Clean-up: have cleaning supplies ready.

Step 2: Create the armature

• Design: decide the basic shape.
• Support: build a support structure.
• Stability: make sure it stands firmly.
• Removal: plan how to remove the mould, if needed.

Step 3: Prepare the paper

• Size: tear paper into suitable sizes.
• Tearing: tear along the grain of the paper for neat strips.
• Edges: rough torn edges blend better than cut edges.
• Supply: have plenty ready before you start.

Step 4: Mix the paste

• Recipe: follow the correct proportions.
• Texture: aim for a creamy consistency.
• Amount: make enough for the session.
• Covering: keep the paste covered while working.

Step 5: Apply the first layer

• Dip: pass each strip through the paste.
• Excess: remove extra paste with your fingers.
• Smoothing: apply the strip smoothly.
• Overlap: let strips overlap each other.
• Coverage: cover the entire surface.

Step 6: Add more layers

• Drying: allow drying between layers.
• Direction: alternate the direction of the strips.
• Strength: build strength gradually.
• Number: apply a minimum of 3 to 4 layers.
• Structural pieces: add more layers for objects that must carry weight.

Step 7: Dry the object

• Air drying: let it dry naturally.
• Fan: use a fan for faster drying.
• Heat: avoid direct heat.
• Checking: look for soft spots.
• Time: drying may take 24 to 48 hours.

Step 8: Add finishing touches

• Sanding: sand rough areas.
• Priming: apply a primer coat.
• Painting: paint as desired.
• Decoration: add decorative elements.
• Sealing: seal with varnish.

What types of papier mache projects can be made?

Papier mache projects are grouped into simple, intermediate and advanced projects.

Simple projects

• Masks: built over a balloon or cardboard shape.
• Bowls: formed over a balloon or a real bowl.
• Picture frames: flat shapes covered with paper.
• Decorative eggs: small round forms.
• Small animals: simple figures on a light frame.

Intermediate projects

• Puppets: heads and bodies for play.
• Piñatas: hollow shapes that are decorated.
• Sculptures: modelled figures.
• Jewellery boxes: boxes with lids.
• Wall hangings: decorative pieces for walls.

Advanced projects

• Large sculptures: need strong armatures.
• Furniture pieces: need many layers.
• Architectural models: small copies of buildings.
• Costume accessories: worn in performances.
• Installation art: large works arranged in a space.

What are the advantages of papier mache?

1. Inexpensive: the materials cost little.
2. Environmentally friendly: it reuses waste paper.
3. Lightweight: finished objects are easy to carry.
4. Easy to learn: students can start with simple projects.
5. Versatile: it suits many shapes and uses.
6. Safe for children: the materials are not harmful when used with care.
7. No special equipment: ordinary household tools are enough.
8. Recyclable materials: old newspapers and cardboard can be used.

What are the common problems in papier mache and their solutions?

The common problems in papier mache are mould growth, weak structure, uneven surface and slow drying.

What safety rules should be followed?

Safety rules protect students from paste, mould and mess during papier mache work.

• Ventilation: work in a well-aired area.
• Skin: protect skin from prolonged paste contact.
• Spills: clean up spills immediately.
• Mould: dispose of mouldy materials.
• Hygiene: wash hands thoroughly.
• Mouth: keep paste away from the mouth.

How is papier mache used in culture and in Nigerian art?

Papier mache is used for festival items, decorations, models and craft work.

Cultural applications

• Festival masks and costumes: worn in celebrations.
• Traditional decorations: used to decorate halls and streets.
• Educational models: used to teach in schools.
• Theatre props: light objects for stage plays.
• Religious artefacts: objects used in worship.
• Community art projects: made by groups together.

Papier mache in Nigerian art

• Carnival floats: large decorated shapes.
• Cultural masks: made for performances and display.
• School projects: made in Cultural and Creative Arts classes.
• Art installations: displayed in exhibitions.
• Craft markets: items made for sale.
• Workshop materials: used to train new makers.

What tips help students succeed in papier mache?

1. Plan: design the object beforehand.
2. Stages: work in stages.
3. Drying: let each layer dry.
4. Materials: use good quality materials.
5. Practice: practise each technique.
6. Patience: be patient while the work dries.
7. Texture: try different textures.
8. Records: document the process with notes or drawings.

How are finished papier mache pieces stored and preserved?

Finished papier mache pieces are kept in a dry place and protected from moisture.

• Storage: store finished pieces in a dry area.
• Moisture: protect pieces from damp.
• Handling: handle with care.
• Repair: repair damage promptly.
• Display: display pieces in a suitable place.
• Climate: consider the local climate and humidity.

Evaluation

1. Define papier mache.
2. Where and when did papier mache begin?
3. Name three types of paper and three adhesives used for papier mache.
4. State the difference between the strip method and the pulp method.
5. List four safety rules to follow when working with papier mache.

Assignment

Write a short guide for a classmate on making a papier mache bowl. Include the flour paste recipe with its ingredients and instructions, the steps from preparing the workspace to adding finishing touches, and three common problems with one solution for each.