Mixture, Physical Fitness, Virus Basic 4 Basic Science Lesson Note

TOPIC: MIXTURE

LEARNING AREA

1. Introductory Activities
2. What is a Mixture?
3. Common Mixtures We Use
4. Other Types of Mixtures
5. Why We Make Mixtures

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES

By the end of this lesson, pupils should be able to:

• Define what a mixture is.
• Give examples of common mixtures.
• Identify other types of mixtures.
• Explain why we make mixtures.

TEACHING AND LEARNING MATERIALS

• Samples of cereal and milk

• Flour and butter

• Sugar and cream

• Pictures of different mixtures
• Small bowls for demonstration
• Sand and water samples

TEACHING AND LEARNING METHOD

• Simple demonstration
• Show and tell
• Hands-on mixing activities

REFERENCE MATERIALS

• Primary Science Textbook
• Basic Science Guide

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR/ PREVIOUS LESSON

Students know different materials and can identify solids and liquids.

WORD FILE

Mixture, combine, mix, materials, new.

CONTENT

LESSON 1 – WHAT IS A MIXTURE?

WHAT IS A MIXTURE?

A mixture is when we put two or more different things together.

HOW MIXTURES ARE MADE:

• Take two different things
• Put them together
• Mix or combine them
• They become one mixture

SIMPLE EXAMPLES:

• Water + Sugar = Sweet water
• Red paint + Yellow paint = Orange paint

• Rice + Beans = Mixed rice and beans

WHAT HAPPENS IN A MIXTURE:

• The different things stay the same
• They just come together
• We can usually see both things
• Sometimes we can separate them again

LESSON 2 – COMMON MIXTURES WE USE

MIXTURES WE EAT AND DRINK:

CEREAL AND MILK:

• Pour cereal in bowl
• Add milk on top
• Mix together
• Makes breakfast mixture

FLOUR AND BUTTER:

• Take some flour
• Add pieces of butter
• Mix together
• Used to make bread and cakes

CREAM AND SUGAR:

• Take fresh cream
• Add sugar
• Mix well
• Makes sweet cream for cakes

COFFEE AND CREAM:

• Make hot coffee
• Add cream
• Stir together
• Makes light brown coffee

TEA:

• Hot water
• Tea leaves or tea bag
• Sometimes add milk and sugar
• Makes tea mixture

WHY WE USE THESE MIXTURES:

• Make food taste better
• Make drinks we like
• Help in cooking
• Make new flavors

LESSON 3 – OTHER TYPES OF MIXTURES

MIXTURES IN NATURE:

DIRT AND WATER:

• Soil mixed with water
• Makes muddy water
• Happens when it rains
• Makes mud for playing

SAND, WATER AND GRAVEL:

• Different sized rocks and stones
• Mixed with water
• Found at beaches and rivers
• Used to build houses

SMOKE AND FOG:

• Smoke from fires
• Fog from water in air
• Mix together in the air
• Makes the air unclear

OTHER MIXTURES WE SEE:

• Oil and water (don’t mix well)
• Salt and pepper
• Different colored beads
• Mixed fruits in fruit salad

LESSON 4 – REASONS FOR MAKING MIXTURES

WHY DO WE MAKE MIXTURES?

TO FORM NEW THINGS:

• Make new foods we like
• Create new colors
• Make useful materials
• Combine good things together

TO MAKE BETTER MATERIALS:

• Concrete (cement + sand + water + stones)
• Paint (color + liquid)
• Soap (different oils mixed together)
• Medicine (different healing things mixed)

TO IMPROVE TASTE:

• Add sugar to make things sweet
• Add salt to make food tasty
• Mix spices for better flavor
• Combine fruits for fruit salad

TO CREATE USEFUL THINGS:

• Mix cement to build houses
• Mix colors to paint pictures
• Mix ingredients to bake cakes
• Mix soil and fertilizer for plants

TO SOLVE PROBLEMS:

• Mix soap and water to clean
• Mix different medicines to heal
• Mix sand and cement to fix roads
• Mix different foods for nutrition

EXAMPLES OF NEW THINGS FROM MIXTURES:

• Cake (flour + eggs + sugar + butter)
• Concrete (cement + sand + water + stones)
• Orange juice (oranges + water + sugar)
• Bread (flour + water + yeast + salt)

PRESENTATION

1. Teacher shows bowl of cereal
2. Teacher adds milk to cereal
3. Teacher explains this is a mixture
4. Teacher demonstrates flour and butter mixing
5. Teacher shows pictures of other mixtures
6. Teacher explains why we make mixtures

STUDENT ACTIVITIES

Students practice:

• Identifying mixtures around them
• Mixing safe materials like sugar and water
• Naming mixtures they eat at home
• Explaining why mixtures are useful

EVALUATIVE ACTIVITIES

• Define mixture in simple words
• Name three food mixtures
• Give example of mixture in nature
• Explain one reason for making mixtures

LESSON EVALUATION/ASSIGNMENT

Students will:

1. Find three mixtures at home
2. Draw pictures of two mixtures
3. Tell parents about mixtures they learned
4. Bring one safe mixture to show class

WORKBOOK

WEEKLY ASSESSMENT (TEST)

1. A mixture is when we put _______ or more things together. A. One B. Two
2. Cereal and _______ make a breakfast mixture. A. Milk B. Water
3. When it rains, dirt and water make _______. A. Mud B. Sand
4. We make mixtures to form _______ things. A. Old B. New
5. Tea is a mixture of water and _______. A. Tea leaves B. Coffee

TOPIC: PHYSICAL FITNESS

LEARNING AREA

1. Introductory Activities
2. Meaning of Physical Fitness
3. Why Physical Fitness is Important
4. Simple Fitness Exercises
5. Fun Exercise Activities

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES

By the end of this lesson, pupils should be able to:

• Explain what physical fitness means.
• Know why we need to be physically fit.
• Do simple exercises like push-ups, squats, bends, and sit-ups.
• Practice exercises safely.

TEACHING AND LEARNING MATERIALS

• Open space (playground or classroom)

• Exercise mats (if available)

• Water bottles

• Pictures of people exercising

• Music for exercise (optional)

TEACHING AND LEARNING METHOD

• Simple demonstration
• Physical practice
• Group activities

REFERENCE MATERIALS

• Primary Physical Education Textbook
• Basic Exercise Guide for Kids

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR/ PREVIOUS LESSON

Students can run, jump, and move their bodies safely.

WORD FILE

Fitness, exercise, strong, healthy, push, squat, bend, sit-up.

CONTENT

LESSON 1 – MEANING OF PHYSICAL FITNESS

WHAT IS PHYSICAL FITNESS?

Physical fitness means having a strong and healthy body that can do activities without getting tired quickly.

SIGNS OF A PHYSICALLY FIT PERSON:

• Can run without getting tired fast
• Has strong muscles
• Can play for a long time
• Feels happy and energetic
• Sleeps well at night

PARTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS:

• Strong muscles – to lift and carry things
• Good heart – to pump blood well
• Flexible body – can bend and stretch easily
• Good balance – doesn’t fall easily

LESSON 2 – WHY PHYSICAL FITNESS IS IMPORTANT

BENEFITS OF BEING PHYSICALLY FIT:

FOR OUR BODY:

• Makes muscles strong
• Keeps heart healthy
• Helps us grow tall
• Makes bones strong
• Keeps us at good weight

FOR OUR MIND:

• Makes us feel happy
• Helps us think better
• Reduces worry
• Helps us sleep well
• Makes us confident

FOR DAILY LIFE:

• Can play games longer
• Can help with house work
• Can carry school bag easily
• Don’t get sick often
• Have more energy

LESSON 3 – SIMPLE FITNESS EXERCISES

BASIC EXERCISES FOR KIDS:

PUSH-UPS (for arms and chest):

1. Get on hands and knees
2. Put hands flat on ground
3. Keep body straight
4. Push up and down slowly
5. Start with 5 times

For beginners: Do push-ups on knees

SQUATS (for legs and bottom):

1. Stand with feet apart
2. Put arms out in front
3. Sit down like sitting in chair
4. Stand back up
5. Do 10 times

BENDING (for back and flexibility):

1. Stand up straight
2. Reach hands up high
3. Bend down to touch toes
4. Come back up slowly
5. Do 8 times

SIT-UPS (for stomach muscles):

1. Lie on back
2. Bend knees up
3. Put hands behind head
4. Sit up slowly
5. Lie back down
6. Do 10 times

JUMPING JACKS (for whole body):

1. Stand with feet together
2. Jump and spread legs apart
3. Raise arms above head
4. Jump back to starting position
5. Do 15 times

LESSON 4 – MORE FUN EXERCISES

OTHER SIMPLE EXERCISES:

RUNNING IN PLACE:

• Lift knees up high
• Move arms back and forth
• Do for 30 seconds
• Good for heart

ARM CIRCLES:

• Stretch arms out to sides
• Make big circles
• Do 10 times forward
• Do 10 times backward

LEG STRETCHES:

• Hold wall or chair
• Lift one leg behind you
• Hold for 10 seconds
• Switch legs

MARCHING:

• March like a soldier
• Lift knees high
• Swing arms
• March for 1 minute

EXERCISE SAFETY RULES:

• Warm up first – move body gently
• Start slowly – don’t rush
• Drink water – stay hydrated
• Stop if hurt – tell teacher
• Cool down – stretch after exercise

LESSON 5 – MAKING EXERCISE FUN

WAYS TO ENJOY EXERCISE:

EXERCISE GAMES:

• Simon Says with exercise moves
• Follow the Leader with jumping and running
• Musical Exercises – stop and do exercise when music stops
• Animal Moves – walk like crab, hop like frog

GROUP ACTIVITIES:

• Exercise with friends
• Count together
• Cheer for each other
• Make it like a game

DAILY EXERCISE PLAN:

• Morning: Stretch and bend
• Playtime: Run and jump games
• Evening: Simple exercises at home
• Weekend: Fun outdoor activities

REMEMBER:

• Exercise should be fun
• Start with a little bit
• Do more as you get stronger
• Exercise every day
• Ask adults for help

PRESENTATION

1. Teacher demonstrates what physically fit looks like
2. Teacher shows each exercise step by step
3. Teacher does push-ups, squats, bends, and sit-ups
4. Teacher explains safety rules
5. Teacher leads class in simple exercises

STUDENT ACTIVITIES

Students practice:

• Doing 5 push-ups (on knees if needed)
• Doing 10 squats
• Bending to touch toes 8 times
• Doing 10 sit-ups
• Jumping jacks for 30 seconds

EVALUATIVE ACTIVITIES

• Explain what physical fitness means
• Do 5 push-ups correctly
• Do 10 squats safely
• Show proper bending form
• Name three benefits of exercise

LESSON EVALUATION/ASSIGNMENT

Students will:

1. Practice exercises at home daily
2. Teach family members one exercise
3. Count how many jumping jacks they can do
4. Drink more water when exercising

WORKBOOK

WEEKLY ASSESSMENT (TEST)

1. Physical fitness means having a _______ and healthy body. A. Weak B. Strong
2. Push-ups make our _______ strong. A. Arms B. Legs
3. Squats are good for our _______. A. Arms B. Legs
4. We should _______ before exercising. A. Warm up B. Sleep
5. Exercise makes us feel _______. A. Sad B. Happy

TOPIC: VIRUS

LEARNING AREA

1. Introductory Activities
2. What is a Virus?
3. Types of Virus
4. Causes of Virus
5. How to Stay Safe from Virus

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES

By the end of this lesson, pupils should be able to:

• Know what a virus is.
• Name different types of virus.
• Understand what causes virus to spread.
• Know how to protect themselves from virus.

TEACHING AND LEARNING MATERIALS

• Pictures of people who are sick
• Hand sanitizer
• Soap and water
• Face masks
• Tissues
• Charts showing virus prevention

TEACHING AND LEARNING METHOD

• Simple explanation
• Show and tell
• Demonstration

REFERENCE MATERIALS

• Primary Health Education Textbook
• Basic Health Guide for Kids

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR/ PREVIOUS LESSON

Students know about staying clean and healthy.

WORD FILE

Virus, germs, sick, spread, clean, protect.

CONTENT

LESSON 1 – WHAT IS A VIRUS?

WHAT IS A VIRUS?

A virus is a very tiny germ that can make people sick. Viruses are so small we cannot see them with our eyes.

WHAT VIRUSES DO:

• Make people feel sick
• Spread from person to person
• Cause different illnesses
• Can be stopped with good hygiene

HOW WE KNOW SOMEONE HAS A VIRUS:

• Fever (feeling hot)
• Cough
• Runny nose
• Feeling tired
• Body aches

LESSON 2 – TYPES OF VIRUS

COMMON TYPES OF VIRUS:

COLD VIRUS:

• Makes nose runny
• Causes sneezing
• Makes throat sore
• Makes people cough
• Usually not very serious

FLU VIRUS:

• Causes high fever
• Makes body ache
• Causes bad cough
• Makes people very tired
• More serious than cold

STOMACH VIRUS:

• Causes vomiting
• Gives stomach ache
• Causes diarrhea
• Makes people weak
• Need to drink lots of water

COVID-19 VIRUS:

• Causes cough and fever
• Makes breathing difficult
• Very contagious (spreads easily)
• Need to wear masks
• Stay away from others when sick

CHICKENPOX VIRUS:

• Causes itchy spots on skin
• Gives fever
• Makes children uncomfortable
• Spots become scabs
• Usually happens once in lifetime

OTHER VIRUSES:

• Measles virus
• Mumps virus
• Hepatitis virus

LESSON 3 – CAUSES OF VIRUS

HOW VIRUSES SPREAD:

FROM PERSON TO PERSON:

• When sick people cough or sneeze
• When we touch infected surfaces
• When we share food or drinks
• When we don’t wash hands
• When we touch our face with dirty hands

THROUGH THE AIR:

• Tiny droplets when people cough
• Sneezing without covering mouth
• Talking very close to sick person
• Breathing the same air as sick person

THROUGH TOUCH:

• Touching contaminated objects
• Shaking hands with sick person
• Using same utensils
• Touching door handles after sick person
• Not cleaning hands properly

THROUGH CONTAMINATED THINGS:

• Dirty water
• Unwashed food
• Dirty surfaces
• Shared toys
• Unclean bathrooms

THINGS THAT MAKE VIRUS SPREAD FASTER:

• Crowded places
• Poor hygiene
• Weak immune system
• Not covering mouth when coughing
• Not washing hands often

LESSON 4 – HOW TO STAY SAFE FROM VIRUS

WAYS TO PROTECT OURSELVES:

WASH HANDS OFTEN:

• Use soap and water
• Wash for 20 seconds
• Wash before eating
• Wash after using toilet
• Wash after touching things

COVER COUGH AND SNEEZE:

• Use tissue or elbow
• Don’t use hands
• Throw tissue away immediately
• Wash hands after coughing

STAY AWAY FROM SICK PEOPLE:

• Keep distance from sick friends
• Don’t share food with sick people
• Avoid crowded places when virus spreading
• Stay home when you feel sick

KEEP CLEAN:

• Clean surfaces often
• Don’t touch face with dirty hands
• Use hand sanitizer when no soap
• Keep personal items clean

HEALTHY HABITS:

• Eat good food
• Drink lots of water
• Get enough sleep
• Exercise regularly
• Take vitamins if needed

WHEN SICK:

• Stay home from school
• Rest in bed
• Drink lots of fluids
• Take medicine if doctor says
• Cover mouth when coughing

IMPORTANT SAFETY RULES:

• Always tell adults when feeling sick
• Never share drinks or food when someone is sick
• Wash hands before touching food
• Keep tissues handy
• Help keep school and home clean

PRESENTATION

1. Teacher explains what a virus is using simple words
2. Teacher shows pictures of people with different virus symptoms
3. Teacher demonstrates proper hand washing
4. Teacher shows how to cover cough with elbow
5. Teacher explains different types of viruses

STUDENT ACTIVITIES

Students practice:

• Proper hand washing technique
• Covering cough with elbow
• Identifying virus symptoms
• Naming ways to stay safe
• Understanding when to stay home

EVALUATIVE ACTIVITIES

• Explain what a virus is
• Name three types of virus
• Show proper hand washing
• Demonstrate covering cough correctly
• List three ways virus spreads

LESSON EVALUATION/ASSIGNMENT

Students will:

1. Practice washing hands properly at home
2. Tell family about virus safety
3. Help keep their room clean
4. Stay away from sick people

WORKBOOK

WEEKLY ASSESSMENT (TEST)

1. A virus is a tiny _______ that makes people sick. A. Animal B. Germ
2. _______ virus makes your nose runny and causes sneezing. A. Cold B. Stomach
3. Viruses spread when people _______ or sneeze without covering. A. Laugh B. Cough
4. We should wash our hands for _______ seconds. A. 5 B. 20
5. When we feel sick, we should _______. A. Go to school B. Stay home