Harmful Foods, Spread Of Diseases, Launching Of Microsoft Basic 4 Basic Science Lesson Note

HARMFUL FOODS

Class: Primary 4
Duration: 30 minutes
Subject: Basic Science

Learning Objectives

By the end of this lesson, pupils will be able to:

• Define harmful foods
• Give examples of harmful foods
• Explain why these foods are dangerous

What are Harmful Foods?

Harmful foods are foods that can make us sick or damage our body when we eat them. These foods are not safe for our health and can cause serious problems.

Examples of Harmful Foods

1. Spoiled/Rotten Foods

• Old meat that smells bad

• Rotten fruits with bad spots

• Moldy bread with green or black spots

• Sour milk that has gone bad

• Stale rice kept for many days

2. Dirty/Contaminated Foods

• Food covered with flies
• Unwashed fruits and vegetables
• Food prepared with dirty hands
• Food cooked in dirty pots
• Food sold in dirty places

3. Poisonous Foods

• Wild mushrooms (some types)
• Cassava not properly prepared
• Green potatoes
• Unknown berries from the bush
• Food with chemicals or pesticides

4. Too Much Junk Food

• Too many sweets and candies
• Too much soft drinks
• Too many biscuits and snacks
• Fried foods eaten every day
• Food with too much salt

Why These Foods are Harmful

• Spoiled foods can cause stomach pain and vomiting
• Dirty foods can give us germs and diseases
• Poisonous foods can make us very sick or even kill us
• Too much junk food can make us weak and unhealthy

How to Avoid Harmful Foods

• Always check if food is fresh
• Wash fruits and vegetables before eating
• Don’t eat food that smells or looks bad
• Buy food from clean places
• Don’t eat unknown plants or fruits
• Eat junk food only sometimes, not every day

What to Do if You Eat Harmful Food

• Tell an adult immediately
• Drink clean water
• Go to the hospital if you feel very sick
• Don’t eat more of the same food

Simple Activity

Look at pictures of fresh and spoiled foods and identify which ones are harmful.

Evaluation

1. What are harmful foods?
2. Give three examples of harmful foods
3. Why should we not eat spoiled food?
4. What should you do if you accidentally eat harmful food?

SPREAD OF DISEASES

Class: Primary 4
Duration: 30 minutes
Subject: Physical and Health Education

Learning Objectives

By the end of this lesson, pupils will be able to:

• List ways diseases are spread
• Give examples of diseases spread by different agents
• Explain how to prevent disease spread

Ways Diseases are Spread

1. Through Air

How it happens:

• When sick people cough or sneeze
• Germs float in the air
• We breathe in the germs
• The germs make us sick

Example Disease: Tuberculosis (TB)

• Affects the lungs
• Spreads when TB patients cough
• Causes bad cough and chest pain

2. Through Food

How it happens:

• Eating dirty or spoiled food
• Drinking dirty water
• Eating food prepared by dirty hands
• Germs get into our stomach

Example Disease: Diarrhoea

• Causes loose, watery stool
• Makes stomach hurt
• Can make us very weak

3. Through Insects

How it happens:

• Insects bite sick people or animals
• The insects carry germs
• They bite healthy people
• The germs enter our body

Example Disease: Malaria

• Spread by mosquito bites
• Causes fever and shivering
• Makes us feel very weak

4. Through Body Contact

How it happens:

• Touching infected people
• Sharing clothes or personal items
• Skin touching infected skin
• Germs move from one person to another

Example Disease: Scabies

• Causes itchy skin
• Spreads by touching infected person
• Makes small bumps on skin

How to Prevent Disease Spread

For Air-spread Diseases

• Cover mouth when coughing or sneezing
• Stay away from sick people
• Keep rooms well ventilated

For Food-spread Diseases

• Wash hands before eating
• Eat fresh, clean food
• Drink clean, safe water
• Keep food covered

For Insect-spread Diseases

• Sleep under mosquito nets
• Remove stagnant water around house
• Use insect repellent

For Contact-spread Diseases

• Don’t share personal items
• Wash hands regularly
• Keep body and clothes clean
• Avoid touching infected people

Simple Activity

Practice covering your mouth properly when coughing or sneezing.

Evaluation

1. Name four ways diseases can spread
2. Which disease is spread through air?
3. How is malaria spread?
4. Give one way to prevent food-spread diseases

LAUNCHING MICROSOFT EXCEL

Class: Primary 4
Duration: 30 minutes
Subject: Computer Studies

Learning Objectives

By the end of this lesson, pupils will be able to:

• Know what Microsoft Excel is
• Launch Microsoft Excel on a computer
• Identify the Excel screen

What is Microsoft Excel?

Microsoft Excel is a computer program that helps us work with numbers and data. We use it to make tables, do calculations, and organize information in rows and columns.

Steps to Launch Microsoft Excel

Method 1: Using Start Menu

1. Turn on the computer and wait for it to load
2. Click on the Start button (usually at bottom left corner)
3. Look for “All Programs” or “Programs”
4. Find Microsoft Office in the list
5. Click on Microsoft Excel
6. Wait for Excel to open

Method 2: Using Desktop Shortcut

1. Look for Excel icon on the desktop
2. Double-click on the Excel icon
3. Wait for Excel to open

Method 3: Using Search

1. Click on Start button
2. Type “Excel” in the search box
3. Click on Microsoft Excel when it appears
4. Wait for Excel to open

What You See When Excel Opens

• Title bar – shows “Microsoft Excel” at the top
• Menu bar – has File, Home, Insert, etc.
• Worksheet – large area with small boxes (cells)
• Rows – numbered 1, 2, 3, 4… going down
• Columns – lettered A, B, C, D… going across
• Cells – small boxes where rows and columns meet

Important Parts of Excel Screen

• Cell – each small box (like A1, B2, C3)
• Active cell – the cell you are working in
• Formula bar – shows what you type in a cell
• Sheet tabs – at the bottom (Sheet1, Sheet2, etc.)

Simple Activity

Practice opening Excel and finding cell A1 (first cell in top-left corner).

Evaluation

1. What is Microsoft Excel used for?
2. Name two ways to launch Excel
3. What do we call the small boxes in Excel?
4. How are columns named in Excel?