Using Direct And Indirect Speech Basic 5 English Studies Lesson Note

Behavioural Objectives: By the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to:

1. Identify sentences in reported speech.
2. Change direct speech to reported speech and vice versa.
3. Criticize different sentences to discover the basic rules guiding the change of direct speech to reported speech.

Keywords: Direct Speech, Reported Speech, Quotation Marks, Reporting Verbs, Speech Bubbles

Set Induction: The teacher will start the lesson by asking pupils to share what they said to their friends or family in the past week and how they think those words might be reported to someone else. This introduces the concept of direct and reported speech.

Entry Behaviour: Pupils have a basic understanding of sentences and can identify quotations and speech bubbles.

Learning Resources and Materials: • Flashcards with examples of direct and reported speech • Worksheets for practice exercises • Whiteboard and markers

Building Background/Connection to Prior Knowledge: The teacher will connect the lesson to previous knowledge about sentences and quotations, explaining that reported speech is a way to convey what someone else has said without using their exact words.

Embedded Core Skills: • Analytical skills in identifying and changing speech forms • Communication skills in reporting speech accurately

Learning Materials: • Flashcards • Worksheets • Sentence strips

Reference Books: • Lagos State Scheme of Work • Primary English Textbook

Instructional Materials: • Whiteboard and markers • Flashcards with examples • Worksheets for practice

Content

1. Definition of Direct and Reported Speech: 

• Direct Speech: The exact words spoken by someone, enclosed in quotation marks. 
• Example: She said, “I am going to the market.” 
• Reported Speech: Paraphrasing what someone has said, without quotation marks, often using reporting verbs like “said” or “told.” • Example: She said that she was going to the market. 

1. Changing Direct Speech to Reported Speech: • Steps: • Remove quotation marks. • Change the pronouns and verb tenses if needed. • Use a reporting verb such as “said” or “told.” • Example: “I will call you later,” he said. → He said that he would call me later. 
2. Changing Reported Speech to Direct Speech: • Steps: • Add quotation marks around the spoken words. • Adjust the pronouns and verb tenses back to the original. • Example: She said that she was tired. → “I am tired,” she said. 
3. Basic Rules for Changing Direct Speech to Reported Speech: • Change the verb tense (e.g., present simple to past simple). • Example: “I eat breakfast” → He said that he ate breakfast. • Change pronouns to match the reporting sentence. • Example: “I will see you” → She said that she would see me. • Remove quotation marks and add “that” (optional). • Example: “We are leaving now” → They said (that) they were leaving then. 
4. Criticizing Sentences to Discover Rules: • Review the example sentences to identify errors or correct usage in changing between direct and reported speech. • Example: Direct: “I have finished my homework,” she said. Reported: She said that she has finished her homework. (Incorrect: should be “had finished”) 

Direct speech is when you report someone’s exact words by using quotation marks.

Indirect speech is when you report what someone said without using their exact words, usually with a change in pronouns, tenses, and word order.

Direct speech is structured with the exact words spoken by a person, enclosed in quotation marks. It maintains the original words spoken and is often used when reporting someone’s speech in conversation directly. For example:

John said, “I will come to the party.”

In this sentence, “I will come to the party” is in direct speech, and it is presented within quotation marks to show that these are John’s exact words.

Evaluation

1. What is direct speech? a) Replicating the original words spoken b) Changing the words spoken c) Omitting the words spoken d) Ignoring the words spoken 
2. How is direct speech usually presented? a) Without quotation marks b) In italics c) Within quotation marks d) In bold text 
3. When is the word speech commonly used? a) When you want to change the words spoken b) When you want to omit the words spoken c) When you want to replicate the original words spoken d) When you want to ignore the words spoken 
4. In the sentence, “She exclaimed, ‘What a surprise!’,” what is in direct speech? a) “She exclaimed” b) “What a surprise!” c) The entire sentence d) None of the above 
5. What punctuation is used to enclose direct speech? a) Parentheses b) Commas c) Quotation marks d) Periods

Direct Speech (Original Words) | Indirect Speech (Reported Speech)

“I love ice cream,” said Sarah. | Sarah said that she loved ice cream.

“We are going to the park,” he stated. | He stated that they were going to the park.

“The movie starts at 7 PM,” she explained. | She explained that the movie started at 7 PM.

“They have finished their homework,” they reported. | They reported that they had finished their homework.

“I will call you later,” he promised. | He promised that he would call later.

“It’s a beautiful day,” she commented. | She commented that it was a beautiful day.

“I want some chocolate,” Tim requested. | Tim requested some chocolate.

“We are going to the zoo tomorrow,” she announced. | She announced that they were going to the zoo the next day.

“I can swim,” said John confidently. | John confidently said that he could swim.

“I will be there on time,” he assured. | He assured that he would be there on time.

Rules for converting from direct speech to indirect speech

Converting direct speech to indirect speech involves several rules and changes to the original words spoken. Here are the key rules for making this conversion:

1. Pronoun Changes: • Change the pronouns to match the subject of the reporting sentence. • For example, “I” becomes “he,” “she” becomes “they,” and “you” becomes “we.” 
2. Tense Changes: • Change the tense of the verb in the reported speech to match the tense of the reporting verb. • For example, “said” remains in the past tense, but the verb in the reported speech might change. “I am going” becomes “he was going.” 
3. Time Expressions: • Adjust time expressions (like today, tomorrow, now) to match the context of the reporting. • For example, “now” might become “then.” 
4. Word Order: • Change the word order in questions and statements. • For example, “Are you coming?” becomes “She asked if I was coming.” 
5. No Quotation Marks: • Remove quotation marks in indirect speech. In direct speech, words are enclosed in quotation marks, but they are omitted in indirect speech. 
6. Reporting Verb: • Introduce the reported speech with a reporting verb like “said,” “explained,” “asked,” etc. 

These rules help transform direct speech into indirect speech while maintaining the essence of the original message within a different reporting framework.

Evaluation

1. To convert direct speech to indirect speech, we need to change the ___________. a) subject b) tense c) time expressions d) reporting verb 
2. In indirect speech, we modify the pronouns to match the subject of the ___________ sentence. a) reporting b) reported c) request d) original 
3. When converting from direct speech to indirect speech, we adjust time expressions to fit the ___________. a) reporting verb b) reported speech c) direct speech d) context 
4. The tense of the verb in the reported speech should match the tense of the ___________ verb. a) reporting b) reported c) requesting d) changing 
5. In indirect speech, we change the word order in ___________ and statements. a) questions b) exclamations c) commands d) quotations 

Presentation

Step 1: The teacher revises the previous topic, “Using Adjectives in Speaking and Writing,” by discussing how adjectives can be used in speech and writing.

Step 2: The teacher introduces the new topic by defining direct and reported speech, giving examples, and explaining the steps to change between them.

Step 3: The teacher allows the pupils to practice converting sentences between direct and reported speech, providing corrections and guidance as needed.

Teacher’s Activities

1. Introduce and explain the concepts of direct and reported speech.
2. Provide examples and practice exercises.
3. Guide pupils in converting sentences between direct and reported speech.
4. Monitor and correct pupils’ practice work.

Learners’ Activities

1. Participate in discussions about direct and reported speech.
2. Complete exercises converting direct speech to reported speech and vice versa.
3. Critique sample sentences to discover rules.

Assessment

1. Define direct speech and give two examples.
2. Change the following direct speech sentence to reported speech: “I can swim,” she said.
3. Change the following reported speech sentence to direct speech: He said that he would go to the store.
4. Identify the errors in the following reported speech sentence: “She is late,” he said. (Reported: He said she was late.)
5. Describe the basic rules for converting direct speech to reported speech.

Conclusion

The teacher will go around to check pupils’ work, mark their answers, and provide necessary corrections. The lesson will be summarized by reviewing the main points about direct and reported speech, emphasizing the rules and common mistakes.