Consonant Sounds, Adverbs of Manner & Argumentative Essay JSS3 English Studies Lesson Note

SPEECH WORK: CONSONANT SOUNDS

CONTENT:

As we already know, there are forty-four speech sounds in English. While twenty of them are vowels, the remaining twenty-four are consonants. A consonant is produced with the flow of air from the lungs erupting somewhere in the ducal clarity (mouth). A consonant is therefore a speech sound produced with the obstruction of airstream. The obstruction could be ‘partial ‘or ‘total’, The important thing about the production of a consonant, therefore, is that there is always a degree of obstruction of the airstream from the lungs. The degree of obstruction of air is one of the three important factors used in classifying English consonants.

These factors are usually considered in the classification of consonants. These are:

Place of articulation.

Manner of articulation.

State of glottis.

Here are the lists of consonant sounds with examples.

/p/  as in pan, prefect, nap

/b/ as in bud, rubber, rubs.

/t/  as in tea, seat, heater.

/k/  as in come, marking, pack.

/d/  as in dip, hide, riddles.

/g/   as in get, target, rag.

/f/ as in fork, suffer, cough.

/v/ as in van, river, live.

/0/ as in anthem, think, both.

/∂ / as in this, father breathes.

/s/ as in sip, racing, place.

/z/ as in Zink, razor, has.

/S/ as in ship, lashes, fish.

//   as in genre, vision, garage.

/h/ as in hat, behave

/tS/ as in cheap, richer, teach.

/d/ as in joy, rejoice, page.

/l/ as in lock, follow, sell.

/r/ as in rag, borrow,______

/w/   as in win, rewind,______

/j/ as in yes, _______.

/m/   as in man, remain, him.

/n/ as in net, runner, rain.

/J/  as in singer, bang, ______

GRAMMAR: ADVERBS OF MANNER

CONTENT:

Adverbs of Manner

What is an adverb of manner?

Adverbs of manner describe how something happens. For example, it is possible to walk or run at different speeds. The words used to describe walking or running at different speeds (quickly or slowly for example) are excellent examples of adverbs of manner. They help the reader gain greater insight into the way a written scene is playing out. Comparing the following sentences will help you to understand how these adverbs change the overall meaning of the sentences they’re found in.

The boys ran. (There is no adverb of manner in this sentence, so we can only imagine how fast the boys are running.)

The boys ran quickly. (The adverb of manner is quickly. It tells us that the boys are in a hurry.)

The boys were tired, so they ran more slowly than before. (The adverb of manner is slowly. It tells us that the boys are running, but they aren’t covering as much ground as they were before.)

There are a few rules to remember regarding adverbs of manner:

When using these adverbs, be careful not to place them between the object and the verb. They often fit best after the sentence’s object or main verb.

If there is a preposition before the object, the adverb of manner may be placed either before the preposition or after the sentence’s object.

Add emphasis by placing an adverb of manner before both the verb and object, and when these adverbs are placed at the beginning of a sentence, they catch the reader’s attention.

As you read the following examples of adverbs of manner, you will notice how the same adverb can lend different meanings to sentences containing nearly the same set of words.

Examples of Adverbs of Manner

The adverb of manner in each example has been italicized for easy identification.

He quickly agreed to go to the store for milk. (His agreement was quick)

He agreed to go to the store for milk quickly. (He would go to the store quickly)

She quietly asked me to leave the room. (Her request was quiet)

She asked me to leave the room quietly. (I am not going to make noise when I leave)

The doctor woke the gently sleeping patient. (The patient was sleeping gently)

The doctor gently woke the sleeping patient. (The doctor was gentle while waking the patient)

ASSIGNMENT

The following exercises will help you gain a greater understanding of how adverbs of manner work. Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

1. The excited baby pounded the table _______________.
2. Badly
3. Hungrily
4. Normally
5. Variously

2. Walk ______________ or you may miss the bus.
3. Quickly
4. Slowly
5. Personally
6. Happily
7. Reading ______________ helps you to understand concepts better.
8. Rapidly
9. Briefly
10. Carefully
11. Always
12. Playing music too _______________ can damage your hearing.
13. Slowly
14. Cheerfully
15. Carelessly
16. Loudly

5. A tortoise walks _______________.
6. Mostly
7. Slowly
8. Happily
9. Eagerly

COMPOSITION: ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY

CONTENT:

What is an Argumentative Essay?

Argument essays seek to state a position on an issue and give several reasons, supported by evidence, for agreeing with that position.

Argument essay topics can be found everywhere. Check the headlines of a newspaper, or just listen in to a conversation at your local Starbucks. Chances are, you will hear someone trying to persuade another person to believe in their claim about:

What caused this?

How important is it?

What should we do about it?

                       5 Types of Argument Claims

1. Fact: Is it true or not?
2. Definition: What does it mean?
3. Value: How important is it?
4. Cause and Effect: What is the cause? What are the effects?
5. Policy: What should we do about it?

How to Write Your Thesis

Question/Answer format: To make your topic idea into a thesis you need to turn the topic idea into a question first. Examples:

Does divorce cause serious problems for the children? (fact)

What is “domestic violence?” (definition)

What are the causes of divorce? (cause)

How important is it for couples to avoid divorce? (value)

What can you do to make your marriage divorce-proof?

(proposal)

Answer: Your question often can be the title of your paper, or it can be the last line of the introduction. Your answer to this question is your thesis.

Refute Objections: You might want to put an introductory phrase in the first part of your thesis to show that you are refuting other ideas about the answer.

Example: While some people think there is no way to divorce-proof 9your marriage, studies have shown that there are fewer divorces when people carefully prepare for that commitment.

Roadmap: An additional way to make a strong thesis is to do a “Roadmap” which tells in just a few words the three or more main points you will cover.

Example: While some people think there is no way to divorce-proof your marriage, studies have shown that there are fewer divorces when people carefully prepare for that commitment by taking  time to get to know the other person before becoming engaged, spending time with

one another’s family and friends, talking about hot-button issues like finances, and getting extensive premarital counseling.

Introduction and Conclusion: Introduction Ideas Conclusion Ideas Use a true story

What will happen if your solution is adopted or people accept your argument?

Scenario: an imaginary story that illustrates the problem

Revise the scenario showing what will happen if the audience adopts your ideas.

Startling quotation, fact, or statistic. Use a real-life example of how your idea works. Explain the problem. Tell the audience what they need to think, do, feel, or believe.

Describe vividly to appeal to the audience’s emotions, character, or reason.

Frame story or flashback Finish the frame story.

Argumentative essays are fairly straightforward in their organization. In your paper, you will need to do the following

1. Interest the audience in the situation and make them think it is worth learning more about.
2. Explain the controversy or problem clearly.
3. Explain the sides of the debate.
4. Tell them your side.
5. Convince them that your side is the best one to take.
6. Refute any objections they may be thinking about as they read.
7. Urge the audience to adopt our point of view to do, think, or believe something.
8. Introduction: Explain the subject, and the controversy, and end with your thesis. Here are some tips:

Use the title to present your point of view. Often the title can be a question.

Think about your audience—what aspects of this issue would most interest or convince them?

Make sure you have a clear thesis which answers the question. The thesis should tell your position and is usually the last sentence of your introduction.

III. Body: Explain the reasons your audience should agree with your thesis. Your body needs to also refute objections or other points of view.

1. Reasons and support:  Usually, you will have three or more reasons why the audience should accept your position. These will be your topic sentences. Support each of these reasons with argument, examples, statistics, authorities, or anecdotes To make your reasons seem plausible, connect them back to your position by using “if…then” reasoning
2. Anticipate opposing positions and objections

What objections will your readers have? Answer them with an argument or evidence.

What other positions do people take on this subject? What is your reason for rejecting these positions?

Conclusion: Make a final point that tells the reader what to think or do.

Why should the audience adopt your point of view?

You might use the anticipating objections in the conclusion.