BENIN SS1 Nigerian History Lesson Note

The history of Benin can be classified into two periods: the period of the Ogiso dynasty (9th-12th century A.D.) and the period initiated by Eweka 1 (13th 19th century).

     THE OGISO PERIOD

The Benin Kingdom was founded during this period of the unification of the Benin Kingdom. Other gains of this period are the formation of the monarchy and chieftaincy system. Owodo was the last of the Ogisos and he was followed by two republican leaders; then the Oranmiyan era and later Eweka I (son of Oranmiyan).

SOCIO-POLITICAL SYSTEM OF BENIN

1. The Oba was at the apex of the ladder.
2. The first son of the Oba succeeds him.
3. There was a centralised government led by Oba.
4. Assisted by Uzama Council – Kingmakers.
5. Council of Chiefs.
6. Town chiefs and provincial governors.
7. Vassals pay tributes to the Oba.
8. No standing army, but the Oba can recruit
9. Able men to the ad-hoc army when needed.

THE ECONOMY OF BENIN

The Benin economy was based on agriculture, hunting, crafts and trade. They were subsistence farmers producing crops like pepper, palm oil and palm- kernel. They were also skilled craftsmen producing ivory carvings, and bronze and brass casting. Benin acquires her revenue from trading (with the Yorubas and the Europeans) as well as royal revenue.

THE WARRIOR KINGS OF BENIN

1. Ewuare the Great: Ewuare the Great was one of the greatest kings of Benin. He was a reputable warrior and his army conquered 201 towns and villages and brought them under his dominion. He raised the Benin Kingdom to the status of an empire. Ewuare reigned between 1440-1473.
2. Oba Ozolua (1481-1504): Oba Ozolua consolidated Ewuare’s work and expanded the frontiers of the empire to Ijebu Land. He received the Portuguese and established trade and religious links with them.

3. Oba Esigie (1504-1550): He was a great Oba. He was dynamic and diplomatic. Oba Esigie promoted trade, Christianity, education and brass casting during his time. He gave the national honour award to a person who deserved it.

Internal Problems And Decline Of Benin Kingdom

The Factors responsible are:

1. The civil war between the Etsako and Ishan peoples led to their defeat by Nupe.
2. Succession dispute between Adolo (son of Oba Osemwede) and Ogbewekon (a rival claimant to the throne).
3. The insecurity of life as a result of slave raiding.
4. The hostility of the British traders on the coast.
5. Revolts and secession of vassals e.g. Eko, Ekiti etc.