Pasture And Forage Crops II SS1 Agricultural Science Lesson Note

COMMON GRASSES AND LEGUMES OF LIVESTOCK AND THEIR BOTANICAL NAMES

1. Grasses:

2. Legumes 

Factors Affecting The Distribution of Pasture

Factors affecting the distribution of pasture can be grouped into three classes:

1. Climatic Factor: The type of climate in an area influences the type of vegetation in that particular area. For example, Sudan types of climate favours the growth of grasses and legumes while Equatorial climate does not. Elements of climate which can directly influence temperature, relative humidity, day length, sunlight, etc.
2. Soil or Edaphic Factors: This refers to the level of fertility of the soil. Fertile soil tends to support pasture growth while poor soil does not. Soil factors which may influence the distribution of pasture are soil pH, soil texture, soil structure as well as the slope of the land (topography).
3. Biotic Factors: Biotic factors like disease, pests, parasites, predators generally influence the distribution of pasture. The activities of man such as bush burning and over-grazing generally have adverse effects on the distribution of pasture.

Factors Affecting The Productivity of Pasture 

These factors include:

1. Persistence: This is the ability of the pasture crops to survive and spread by vegetative means.
2. Aggressiveness: This is the ability of pasture to compete favourably with other weeds. High aggressiveness ensures continous availability of the pasture crops.
3. Resistance to Trampling: This refers to the ability of pasture to resist continuous trampling by farm animals during grazing and still remains available to livestock to feed on.
4. Seed Viability (or profuseness): Seeds of pasture should be viable over a long period of time. It should be easily propagated to ensure high pasture productivity
5. Pests and Disease: Absence of pests and disease within a pasture ensures their increased productivity
6. Accurate Stocking: An accurate number of animals should graze a specified area of pasture. Overgrazing does not ensure increased productivity of pasture.
7. Good Management: Proper management practices such as regular weeding, rouging, irrigation, good grazing, fertilization, etc. should be practiced to ensure increased productivity of pasture.

ESTABLISHMENT OF PASTURE 

Before pasture can be established, the following factors should be considered:

1. Adaptation of Species: Legumes and grasses should be adapted to the local environment
2. Palatability: Legumes and grasses to be established must be palatable and nutritious for animals.
3. Compatibility: The grass-legume mixture in the pasture must be compatible to each other
4. Time of Maturity: grasses and legumes to be established should be able to mature within the shortest possible time
5. Life Cycle of the Species: Annuals with annual plants or perennials with perennials plant should be mixed together when establishing pasture. This is to ensure continous availability of pasture

The establishment of pasture takes the following sequence:

• Site Selection: Select a suitable site which should be well-drained with good loamy soil.
• Clearing of Land: The land should be cleared or cut back the site with hoes and cutlasses.
•  Removal of Debris: Debris on the site should be removed or it could be gathered and burnt.
• Cultivation of Site: The land, field or site should be cultivated by way of ploughing, harrowing and if possible ridging
• Planting of pasture crops: Planting of the desired pasture, grass or legume is carried out.
• Supplying: Plant materials that fail to germinate should be supplied with new planting materials
•  Planting of Legumes: Leguminous plants should be planted, especially in the case of grass and legume mixture
• Promotion of Tillering: The grasses should be cut back at regular intervals to promote tillering
• Weeding: Weeding should be done at regular intervals, especially at the early stages of the pasture
• Fertilizer application: Apply fertilizers at the appropriate rate by broadcasting
• Irrigation: Light irrigation or watering of the planted seeds or solons should be done, especially in arid areas with low rainfall.
•  Paddocking: The pasture should be broken into convenient units for good grazing management like rotational grazing.

COMMON MANAGEMENT IN PASTURE 

Some common management practices in pasture to ensure continous supply of grasses and legumes to livestock include the following:

1. Burning: Burning should be done once in a year, especially when the forage crops are over-regrowth of the grasses and legumes
2. Fencing: This is the partitioning of the pasture into sections called paddocks to facilitate rotational grazing.
3. Application of fertilizer: Application of fertilizer in the pasture ensures rapid and succulent growth of pasture because of increase in the fertility of the soil
4. Weed control: Weeds should be removed regularly from the pasture to prevent competition with forage plants for nutrients and space
5. Pests and Diseases control: These should be prevented to ensure rapid growth of pasture crops
6. Irrigation: Pasture farm should be irrigated, especially during the dry season to ensure the availability of fresh and succulent grasses all the year round.
7. Adequate stocking: The correct number of animals should be placed on a pasture to graze. Overgrazing should be prevented.